How to Apply for U.S. Citizenship

Information regarding the timeline, cost, and requirements for the U.S. citizenship application process

What is citizenship?

Citizenship is the official recognition given to individuals born to U.S. citizens or those who successfully complete the naturalization process. Acquiring American citizenship brings numerous benefits, while also entailing a set of new duties and responsibilities.

What is naturalization?

Naturalization is the process through which Green card holders can become U.S. citizens. To do so, you must have been a legal permanent resident for at least five years (or three years if you are married to a U.S. citizen), be at least 18 years old, demonstrate continuous residence in the U.S. and pass a civics and English language test.

American citizenship

Deciding to become a U.S. citizen is one of the most important decisions an immigrant can make. Holders of the Green Card can qualify for U.S. citizenship after living in the US for five years. If you are married to a U.S. citizen, you can apply for citizenship after three years.

To become a U.S. citizen, you must :

  • Be at least 18 years old when you apply.
  • Renew your Green Card if it will expire within six months or if it has already expired.
  • Have spent a minimum of 30 months in the US within the last five years (18 months within the last three years if married to a U.S. citizen).
  • Not have taken any trips of six months or longer outside of the United States.
  • Have a clean criminal record.
  • Be able to read, write and speak basic English.
  • Have sufficient knowledge of American history and government.
  • Respect the United States Constitution (violations of the law).
Benefits of becoming a U.S. Citizen

Becoming a US citizen comes with many benefits, including the right to vote, eligibility work a federal job, protection from deportation, the opportunity to travel with a US passport and access to the full range of healthcare services provided by the government. Additionally, as a U.S. citizen you are able to enjoy the privileges and protections of the US Constitution, such as the right to a fair trial and freedom of speech.

Green Card vs. US Visa
Work permit Permanent Residency Life-long validity Citizenship after 5 years Right to vote Medicare Government-sponsored aid for education
US Visa
Green Card
US Citizenship
Medicare and Medicaid

Medicare and Medicaid is usually not available to Green Card holders unless you have been a legal permanent resident for at least five years.
Click here to learn more about Medicare and Medicaid

Working in the US military

As a Green card holder you are eligible to serve in the United States military. However, you may not be able to obtain some security clearances due to your foreign citizenship and potential ties to other countries which could limit career advancement opportunities within the military. Despite of some hurdles, working in the US military is a highly respected profession that commands admiration and gratitude from the American public.

Federal employment

To work a federal job, you must be a United States citizen. Green card holders are allowed to work for the federal government. However, positions that require security clearances are only available to citizens. Additionally, some agencies may have additional requirements related to security clearances or background checks.

Voting in an election

While a Green Card offers several benefits like permanent residency in the US,it does not make you eligible to vote in US elections. In order to vote in a US election, you must be a US citizen, at least 18 years of age, and registered to vote. Some states may also require you to be a resident of the state for a certain period of time before they can register to vote. Additionally, you could be disqualified from voting if you have been convicted of a felony.

How to apply for U.S. citizenship?

To become a US citizen, you must file a petition with the U.S. Citizen and Immigration Services (USCIS) and go through several steps:

  • Determine your eligibility, which includes meeting residency requirements (You must have been a legal permanent resident for at least five years / three years if you are married to a U.S. citizen).
  • Submit an application with the necessary documentation and fees ( Form N-400 ).
  • Attend a biometrics appointment to collect fingerprints, photos, and other information.
  • Interview with a USCIS officer, during which you will have to answer questions about your application and background.
  • Attend a naturalization ceremony and take the Oath of Allegiance to become a U.S. citizen.
Form N-400 explained

Form N-400, also known as Application for Naturalization, is the application form for Green Card holders who are ready to apply for US citizenship. The form requires you to provide your biographical information, immigration history, employment history and criminal record. The form also includes questions about your knowledge of English and civics ( the rights and obligations of citizens ). Once you completed and submitted an application with the necessary documentation and fees, you will be invited to attend an interview and take a citizenship test.

What happens during the naturalization interview ?

During the naturalization interview you will be asked questions about your background, residency, and character. The interviewer may also ask questions about the U.S. government and history, as well as questions related to the your moral character and willingness to take the Oath of Allegiance. You may also be asked to provide additional documentation or explain any discrepancies in their application.

Preparing for the naturalization interview

You can prepare yourself by having good English language skills and studying basic civics. Practice speaking clearly and confidently, and don't lie or exaggerate your answers. Make sure to dress appropriately and arrive early. If you are well prepared and meet all the requirements, nothing will go wrong.

Preparing for the naturalization test

To become a US citizen you must pass a two-part naturalization test.

  • The first part is an English language test (you must able to read, write and speak basic English).
  • The second part is a civics test. You must have sufficient knowledge of American history and government.
How much does it cost to apply for naturalization?

As of October 2021 the fee for naturalization is $725, which includes a $640 application fee and an $85 biometric fee. The USCIS accepts payment by check, money order, or credit card.

What happens after the naturalization interview?

Upon successful completion of the interview, you will be invited to attend the citizenship ceremony where you will take the Oath of Allegiance and become a U.S. citizen.

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